Semen quality impairment is associated with sexual dysfunction according to its severity


By academic.oup.com

Is sexual dysfunction associated with severity of semen quality impairment in men with couple infertility?

SUMMARY ANSWER

In males of infertile couples the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) increases as a function of semen quality impairment severity.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Infertile men are at a higher risk for sexual dysfunction, psychopathological and general health disorders. However, it has never been systematically investigated if these problems are associated with severity of semen quality impairment.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION


Cross-sectional analysis of a first-time evaluation of 448 males of infertile couples attending an outpatient clinic from September 2010 to November 2015. In addition, 74 age-matched healthy, fertile men from an ultrasound study on male fertility were studied for comparison.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS


All subjects underwent a complete physical, biochemical, scrotal and flaccid penile colour-Doppler ultrasound evaluation and semen analysis. Patients had already undergone at least one semen analysis; therefore, the majority were aware of their sperm quality before taking part in the study. Validated tools, such as the International Index of Sexual Function-15 (IIEF-15), Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ), National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), International Prostate Symptom Score and Chronic Disease Score (CDS), were used to evaluate, respectively, sexual dysfunction, premature ejaculation (PE), psychopathological traits, prostatitis-like symptoms, lower urinary tract symptoms and general health status.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE


Among men with couple infertility, 96 showed azoospermia (Group #1), 245 at least one sperm abnormality (Group #2) and 107 normozoospermia (Group #3). Fertile men were considered as a control group (Group #4). After adjusting for age, we observed a higher prevalence of ED (IIEF-15-erectile function domain score <26) (18.3% versus 0%; P = 0.006) and PE (PEDT score >8) (12.9% versus 4.1%; P = 0.036) in males of infertile couples compared with fertile men. The ED prevalence increases as a function of semen quality impairment severity (P < 0.0001), even after adjusting for confounders (age, CDS, MHQ and NIH-CPSI total score), despite similar hormonal, glyco-metabolic and penile vascular status. Compared to fertile men, all three groups of males with couple infertility showed a poorer erectile function, associated with an overall psychopathological burden (MHQ total score), particularly with somatized anxiety (MHQ-S).
Azoospermic men showed the worst erectile function and general health: in this group, erectile function was negatively associated not only with psychopathological disturbances (MHQ total and MHQ-S scores; P < 0.0001) but also with a less healthy phenotype (higher CDS; P = 0.015). In addition, azoospermic men reported higher PE prevalence and lower sexual desire and orgasmic function when compared to fertile men (all P < 0.05), all of which were related to psychopathological symptoms.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The cross-sectional nature of the study represents its main limitation. A possible selection bias concerning the control group of healthy, fertile men recruited into an ultrasound study might have occurred. Finally, causality cannot be inferred in this type of study design and hence there should be some caution in interpreting the results.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS


Investigation of male sexual function, general health and psychological status in infertile couples, especially if azoospermic, is advisable, in order to improve not only reproductive but also general and sexual health.

Source: https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-abstract/31/12/2668/2730249/Semen-quality-impairment-is-associated-with-sexual

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Thursday, May 14, 2026

Olanzapine (Zyprexa) - Antipsychotics - Patient guide - Quick tips

Selecting an olanzapine regimen involves balancing symptom urgency with long-term safety planning. Treatment decisions are rarely based on diagnosis alone; clinicians also consider prior medication history, metabolic risk, sleep pattern, and how quickly stabilization is needed. For schizophrenia, olanzapine is commonly initiated at 5 to 10 mg daily and adjusted in increments over days to weeks. Many patients respond in the 10 to 20 mg range, though dose personalization is guided by both benefit and tolerability. In bipolar mania, similar target ranges may be used, often with more frequent follow-up during the first weeks because mood shifts can be abrupt. Maintenance planning includes relapse prevention goals, not just short-term sedation. If a patient stabilizes quickly but develops rapid weight gain, the team may intensify lifestyle interventions, involve nutrition support, or reconsider options depending on risk profile. A key principle is to avoid chasing side effects after they become severe by monitoring early and consistently. For treatment-resistant depression, olanzapine may be used with fluoxetine in selected cases. This pathway is usually reserved for patients who have not improved with standard antidepressant strategies. Shared decision-making is important because benefits can be meaningful, but appetite and metabolic concerns remain clinically significant. Lab and vital monitoring are essential parts of zyprexa-olanzapine treatment decisions. Baseline values often include fasting glucose, lipid panel, blood pressure, and body weight, with scheduled rechecks at defined intervals. If trends worsen, clinicians can intervene with dose adjustments, additional counseling, or alternative medications. Drug interaction screening also shapes the regimen. Sedating products, alcohol, and other central nervous system depressants can increase daytime impairment. Tobacco use may influence drug metabolism and can alter exposure if smoking habits change. Patients should report major lifestyle shifts to avoid unplanned underdosing or overdosing effects. Continuity of care matters. Missed appointments and interrupted refills raise relapse risk, especially in psychotic disorders. Practical supports such as refill reminders, caregiver communication, and structured follow-up calls help maintain stability. Patients comparing antipsychotic options can review class-level differences through the antipsychotics treatment reference and then discuss the most appropriate pathway with their prescriber based on individual response patterns.

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